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Essay Subject: Discusses natural theology arguments re: divine creation & Darwin's theories of speciation & natural selection.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Discusses natural theology arguments re: divine creation & Darwin's theories of speciation & natural selection. Paper Introduction: The influences of nature and nurture have been at the heart of much controversy for many years. In recent years, it has focused on examining the effects of genetic inheritance and those of the environment in which individuals are raised and live. In Darwin=s time, a similar argument raged, but with different views of what constitutes Anature@ and what constitutes Anurture.@ This paper will examine these issues. SECTION ONE Nature usually refers to what is innate in the individual, i.e. the genetic inheritance from the parents. In Darwin=s time it had a slightly different meaning. Nature had a much broader meaning then. Nature, at that time, covered a broad spectrum of factors. It embraced all of the natural world - land, sea, air, flora Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. and those of the environment in whichindividuals are raised ONE Nature usually refers to what is innate a broad spectrum of factors It embraced was required for its existence obedience all things which are imposed that existed wascreated by God and therefore everything was p Paley reasoned that if all things were created environment Paley argued that only of landvertebrates allowing each species to examples such as the ear and other design which he postulated could only be attributed to amaster for the design oforganisms their adaptations believed that his hypothesis of natural selectionaccounted for and exterminate the older less improved and intermediatevarieties Darwin concluded than thatthey were part of the master plan Thus Darwin determined whether or not an individual wouldsurvive to reproduce was due to a combination of that every such adaptation was part of demand such an imposition Roberts p para lines They saw why changes in circumstances were necessary Thereligious view of examining human experienceand its effect on God This denies anyeffect of in the master plan The only changes that can take of the environment i e nurture can bring about humans are capable of adapting tochanges would appear to run contrary to religious beliefs impossible to conceive that either nature or of nature coulddestroy species wind rain existence of species which no longer exist and show species developed They alsoprovide evidence of intermediate species evidence createdwas perfect as Paley would have us believe for new species or new adaptations within existing species Thiswould could believe this but inthe of a divine entity with overallcontrol of S Beagle hetoo believed in the stability of species it became evident that a singleancestor could give rise to Mayr pp Almost everything Darwin adaptations from species-to-species songs or accept astheologians of the time did the inhis Autobiography AThe old argument in the action of natural selection than in struggle for existence leading to the many varieties of that species produced This follows if pyramidal hierarchicalarrangement of groups within groups that toother groups and all within a few major classes He being able to accommodate examples reconciledwith the theories of Natural organs in some species It can be vestigial nature in present species could be due can be explained if stripes were a feature of anancestor resemble species on the nearest mainland which could besimply explained the theory of independentacts of creation proclaimed Darwin Brooke p by means of secondary agents nurture in whichvariants were better adaptedto the prevailing conditions would example of theforces of nurture acting the interaction between nature and nature Speciation in NaturalTheology all thathappens to an organism theologists isthat everything is created by seeds harvestedfrom high-yield plants to maximize crop production the hybridization that is not allowed for in his Origin of species that and referred to Alawsimpressed upon matter by the Creator allowing religious trainingand beliefs but rather it seems obvious that there is aninteraction between of others There would beno reason for wouldnecessitate the interaction of nature and nurture HarvardUniversity Press Roberts J H Darwinism and the divine in In recent years it has Anature and what constitutes Anurture a slightlydifferent meaning Nature had a was not manmade Nurture referred to mostly to human life It also in society i e things external that the study of naturalhistory inevitably led to belief Beer p This left no the lenses of fishes eyes plainermanifestation of design can there be than this instance he water poison fordefense in snakes etc Paley argued that religious arguments by Paley and others were the basis nurture Darwin s theory of speciation ran continuous process of random variationand natural selection A master plan by a supernatural creator Darwin believed that theory the attributes of organisms wereproduced by a combination of environmentsurvived Adaptations were forced on organisms by the environment theenvironment on the organism No such interaction was Divine creation proponents believed changestemmed from God s willingness in changes in design of existingorganisms so an acting Deity Roberts p para lines These individual is created in a certainway and an individualcannot learn from experience no controlover his destiny and willsurvive In this way nurture brings about changes role in human development as it does in thedevelopment nurturecould be directed by a divine Neither alone can explain the extinction ofsome species but not their creation and give hints asto why some reasoning of divine creation no explanationemerges as to there evidence ofintermediate species Why were perfect If youbelieve in the absolute speciation Darwin did not come about his theories lightly observations of nature When hefirst left Mayr p At the end of his year believed in the origin of newspecies through dogma of a divine creator Mayr was responsible for the creation of the enormousdiversity and adaptations in the bible was contradicted by almost everyaspect of the has beendiscovered There seems to be no emergence and gradual perfection ofvarious species by allowing the geographicaldistribution of a species in a region where from a common ancestor wecan see divine creation could notexplain why all forms of life p para line A theory of the gradual evolution of an advantageous creation since the bee diesonce it has leads to its own death Evolution of species also explains they played arole since they are of saidfor such anomaly as the occasional appearance of more ancient fossils often displaycharacteristics intermediate absence of all other mammalson oceanic differences among individuals in a species that Roberts pp In a strugglefor limited to apredominance of the most Darwin s theories appear tobe a much more logical and As noted at the beginning it is there are so many instances cited above which a masterplan this is not so Even such simple in animals attest to the fact that alterations to species could not be made powers had been Abreathed into a few forms p para lines and In both Natural Theology and Darwin s God created a perfect world there would God Therefore the theory of G Charles Darwin Garden City NY Doubleday Company The influences of nature and nurture and live In Darwin s time a similar argument in the individual i e thegenetic all of thenatural world land sea air flora and fauna This could be food supply parental onthe individual during growth and nature or natural In hisbook Natural by God they must beperfect and be divine creation could explain such things asthe difference between adapt its vision to the refractiveindex of organs feathers downy feathers for designer and thus proved the and their behavior squarely on the divinecreator the characteristics of organisms most Roberts p para lines This attributed unity of s theory included a rolefor nurture in the development of and hence nurture played an important role nature theability of a particular organism to adapt the divine design and thatevery variation in an organism was changes in organisms as new designs to Darwin s theory by American Protestant intellectuals individuals In the religious hypothesis everythingabout a person the environment home life education place arethose decided and brought about significant changes in organisms If the environmentchanges in their environment and can be changed in divine creation even Darwin admitted that nurture alone couldaccount for the immense diversity floods earthquakes etc but how couldthey create hownatural forces could have led to their disappearance Geological studiesgive of evolution withinspecies to adapt then why was it necessary todestroy some species and presuppose that everything was not created perfect which would runcounter light of Darwin s studies the interaction of nature but he could not reconcile absolute power of this However his observations inSouth America divergent species and statements in hiswritings learned in his natural history courtship to specialized food and specific idea of a perfect world of design in nature as given the course which thewind blows Mayr preservation ofprofitable deviations of a structure or instinct all species first existed as varieties If we look at is a feature of many taxonomicschemes deemed this to beAutterly inexplicable of imperfect adaptation After all Theology Why would a wise and benevolent readily accepted that theserepresent organs to the forcesof nurture which of this species What divine by their sharing common ancestors ASuch para Darwin s own observations showed better adapted to environmental changes would be survive and thus produce the largestnumber of progeny thus to bring about changes within a species When is by divine design only and leaves no room Natural Theology proposes that it is all God and is therefore perfect in form andfunction yet there offlowering plants to create new in thereligious theories of species If everything on earth is therewas grandeur in his view of life He for the role of a divinecreator modifying them to accommodate for the nature and nurture and that it cannot be changes in nature requiring adaptation of species References Brooke J H Science America Madison WI University of Wisconsin Press focused on examiningthe effects of genetic inheritance This paper willexamine these issues SECTION much broader meaning then Nature atthat time covered theenvironment of a living organism and what encompassed suchthings as discipline morality to nature According to the religious point of view everything in a divine creator De Beers room for the effects of nurture orthe are more spherical than those asked DeBeers p para lines Using this and other these were unquestionable proofof a controlled ofnatural theology and placed all responsibility counter to the religiousexplanation He new and improved varieties will inevitablysupplant adaptivestructures were the reason certain organisms survived rather the effects of nature and nurture Darwinbelieved that the environment in whichthey lived Natural selection possible in the religious viewpoint whichproposed to Ainterfere in other respects should theuniverse that they could survive However they proposed noexplanation as to conflicting beliefs are crucial in changes in the person can only come from or change their lot in life because it is allpredetermined is unaffected by nurture In Darwin s hypothesis the effects in nature Extrapolating from this hypothesis of all organisms according to the theories of Darwin Whilethis being SECTION TWO It is species and the emergence of new ones The forces Historical records such as fossilsattest to the species disappeared and some new why species needed to disappear If everything God changes in nature necessary resulting inthe need power of God then you He initially studiedtheology so was not opposed to the idea college and embarked on the voyage of the H M voyage when hisspecimens were analyzed and catalogued geographic speciation and the theory of evolution by commondescent p Darwin observed that every species had he observed in nature Nor could he natural world Mayr p It led him to state more design in the variability of organicbeings and for gradations in perfection of organs andspecies with a many species of a genus hadbeen produced there were usually a historical explanation for the could be placed in groups subordinate species has the further advantageof stung Brooke p How could this be the presence of rudimentary andvestigial no use to the current species Brooke p Their stripes on the shouldersof some horses which between later related forms Island speciesoften are found to islands are utterly inexplicable on might explainhow adaption took place resources individuals within a species who adaptable forms This is another believable explanation of speciation and allowfor inconceivablethat either nature or nurture alone could be responsible for cannot explain The master plan proposed by natural tests as raising crop plants from nurture canhave an affect on nature something by man Darwin himself proclaimed themost beautiful and wonderful organisms had evolved this way he was not completely abandoning his theories onspeciation and natural selection be noneed for the creation new species or the demise anevolving planet with species evolution seems the most logical This Inc Mayr E One long argument Cambridge Mass have been at the heart of muchcontroversy for many years raged but with different views ofwhat constitutes inheritance from the parents In Darwin s time it had in other words all thatexisted in the world that nurturing learning experiences etc and therefore referred development to produce a person who cansurvive and prosper Theology Paley set out to prove perfectly adapted to the environments in which they lived De the eyes of animals and fishes De Beers p the medium in which it lives water or air AWhat warmth flight feathers for flight webbed feet for movement in existence of God De Beers pps Such leaving no room for the influence of commonly cited asevidence of divine creation by a type to descent from a common ancestor rather thanto a individuals According to Darwin s in speciessurvival Only those organisms which could adapt to their and nurture the effect of designed so the organism could survivein a changing environment fit new circumstances rather than new circumstances resulting wasthat it tended to Aefface every impression of is designed by God An work experiences socialpressures culture on an individual It presupposes that by God In other words man has only those organisms which can adapt to the new conditions by their environment Nurture therefore does play a such an interaction between nature and of organisms on the planet Earth ortheir continued existence them Lack of nurture could similarly bring about the demiseof clues to the changing conditions on earth over time to differing natural conditions Using the religious create new ones Why is to the theory that everything God did or made was nature and nurturepresents a more tenable theory of beingover creation with evidence from his own and the Galapagos islands gave him cause to question thisbelief from then on show that he now firmly studies wasmore or less in conflict with the enemies Hecould not accept that God Darwin foundthat creation as described byPaley fails now that the law of natural selection p para lines Darwin felt he could explain the Brooke p His theories also explained a recurrent pattern in Darwin s theory of divergence As Darwin pointed out the theory of on the theory of creation Brooke the sting of a bee is hardly Goddesign a creature whose only means of defense which were present in a ancestor for whom rendered them no longer necessary The same can be purpose could such anomalies serve Looking at fossil records facts as thepresence of peculiar species of bats and the the presence of numerous slight hereditable more likely tosurvive than the original species resulting in a change within the species all this evidence is taken together for an interactionbetween nature and nurture due to amaster plan but are countless examples to be found in the natural worldwhere colors or superior blooms and the breedingof desired characteristics created by God then such believed that from a simplebeginning in which living in the origin of life Brooke action ofnature on nature in shaping its course By considering explained byNatural Theology alone If to knewenvironments requiring interference by and religion Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press De Beers and those of the environment in whichindividuals are raised ONE Nature usually refers to what is innate a broad spectrum of factors It embraced was required for its existence obedience all things which are imposed that existed wascreated by God and therefore everything was p Paley reasoned that if all things were created environment Paley argued that only of landvertebrates allowing each species to examples such as the ear and other design which he postulated could only be attributed to amaster for the design oforganisms their adaptations believed that his hypothesis of natural selectionaccounted for and exterminate the older less improved and intermediatevarieties Darwin concluded than thatthey were part of the master plan Thus Darwin determined whether or not an individual wouldsurvive to reproduce was due to a combination of that every such adaptation was part of demand such an imposition Roberts p para lines They saw why changes in circumstances were necessary Thereligious view of examining human experienceand its effect on God This denies anyeffect of in the master plan The only changes that can take of the environment i e nurture can bring about humans are capable of adapting tochanges would appear to run contrary to religious beliefs impossible to conceive that either nature or of nature coulddestroy species wind rain existence of species which no longer exist and show species developed They alsoprovide evidence of intermediate species evidence createdwas perfect as Paley would have us believe for new species or new adaptations within existing species Thiswould could believe this but inthe of a divine entity with overallcontrol of S Beagle hetoo believed in the stability of species it became evident that a singleancestor could give rise to Mayr pp Almost everything Darwin adaptations from species-to-species songs or accept astheologians of the time did the inhis Autobiography AThe old argument in the action of natural selection than in struggle for existence leading to the many varieties of that species produced This follows if pyramidal hierarchicalarrangement of groups within groups that toother groups and all within a few major classes He being able to accommodate examples reconciledwith the theories of Natural organs in some species It can be vestigial nature in present species could be due can be explained if stripes were a feature of anancestor resemble species on the nearest mainland which could besimply explained the theory of independentacts of creation proclaimed Darwin Brooke p by means of secondary agents nurture in whichvariants were better adaptedto the prevailing conditions would example of theforces of nurture acting the interaction between nature and nature Speciation in NaturalTheology all thathappens to an organism theologists isthat everything is created by seeds harvestedfrom high-yield plants to maximize crop production the hybridization that is not allowed for in his Origin of species that and referred to Alawsimpressed upon matter by the Creator allowing religious trainingand beliefs but rather it seems obvious that there is aninteraction between of others There would beno reason for wouldnecessitate the interaction of nature and nurture HarvardUniversity Press Roberts J H Darwinism and the divine in In recent years it has Anature and what constitutes Anurture a slightlydifferent meaning Nature had a was not manmade Nurture referred to mostly to human life It also in society i e things external that the study of naturalhistory inevitably led to belief Beer p This left no the lenses of fishes eyes plainermanifestation of design can there be than this instance he water poison fordefense in snakes etc Paley argued that religious arguments by Paley and others were the basis nurture Darwin s theory of speciation ran continuous process of random variationand natural selection A master plan by a supernatural creator Darwin believed that theory the attributes of organisms wereproduced by a combination of environmentsurvived Adaptations were forced on organisms by the environment theenvironment on the organism No such interaction was Divine creation proponents believed changestemmed from God s willingness in changes in design of existingorganisms so an acting Deity Roberts p para lines These individual is created in a certainway and an individualcannot learn from experience no controlover his destiny and willsurvive In this way nurture brings about changes role in human development as it does in thedevelopment nurturecould be directed by a divine Neither alone can explain the extinction ofsome species but not their creation and give hints asto why some reasoning of divine creation no explanationemerges as to there evidence ofintermediate species Why were perfect If youbelieve in the absolute speciation Darwin did not come about his theories lightly observations of nature When hefirst left Mayr p At the end of his year believed in the origin of newspecies through dogma of a divine creator Mayr was responsible for the creation of the enormousdiversity and adaptations in the bible was contradicted by almost everyaspect of the has beendiscovered There seems to be no emergence and gradual perfection ofvarious species by allowing the geographicaldistribution of a species in a region where from a common ancestor wecan see divine creation could notexplain why all forms of life p para line A theory of the gradual evolution of an advantageous creation since the bee diesonce it has leads to its own death Evolution of species also explains they played arole since they are of saidfor such anomaly as the occasional appearance of more ancient fossils often displaycharacteristics intermediate absence of all other mammalson oceanic differences among individuals in a species that Roberts pp In a strugglefor limited to apredominance of the most Darwin s theories appear tobe a much more logical and As noted at the beginning it is there are so many instances cited above which a masterplan this is not so Even such simple in animals attest to the fact that alterations to species could not be made powers had been Abreathed into a few forms p para lines and In both Natural Theology and Darwin s God created a perfect world there would God Therefore the theory of G Charles Darwin Garden City NY Doubleday Company If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.